Section+3

=The Commercial North (JiSu D. Kim!) = = Natural Environment: =
 * Cold winters
 * Rocky soil
 * Restricted colonists to small farms
 * Usually produced several crops instead of a single one
 * Variety of crops and livestock (in more fertile areas of the Middle Colonies)
 * Wheat, corn
 * Required less labor than tobacco or rice
 * Cattle, hogs
 * Produced so much
 * Sold to the West Indies

= Built Environment: =
 * Diverse commercial economy
 * Thriving industries
 * Grinding wheat
 * Harvesting fish
 * Sawing lumber
 * Manufactured ships
 * By 1760, colonists built 1/3 of all British ships
 * Manufactured iron
 * By 1760, colonists were producing more iron than England
 * Merchants
 * Most powerful group in the North
 * Large trade
 * Growing port cities
 * B oston
 * New York City
 * Philadelphia
 * Second largest city (after London) in the British empire
 * Cities laid out on a grid-like street plan
 * Influenced by Sir Christopher Wren's designs for the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire
 * Sophisticated City
 * Parks
 * Police patrols
 * Paved Streets
 * Whale-oil lamps (for side walks)
 * William Penn's Policy of Religious Freedom
 * Diverse groups
 * Immigrants
 * Germans
 * Scots-Irish
 * Dutch
 * New York
 * Scandinavians
 * Delaware
 * Jews
 * Newport
 * Philadelphia
 * English colonists eventually learned to get along with their new neighbors
 * Furthered the evolution of truly diverse American Society
 * African American
 * Less slavery in the North
 * Racial prejudices against (freed or enslaved) blacks
 * Had the better slavery conditions compared to other colonies
 * Had right to sue and be sued
 * Had right to appeal to the highest courts
 * Led harsh lives
 * Considered less than human beings
 * Laws forbade them to gather or carry weapons
 * No laws to protect them from cruel treatment
 * Sometimes rebelled
 * 1712- Uprising in NY
 * 21 hanging
 * Women
 * Extensive work responsibilities
 * Few legal rights
 * Could not vote
 * Most could not enter into contracts
 * Could not buy or sell property
 * Could not keep wages if they worked outside of home
 * Only single or widowed women could run own business
 * Religion and law kept women under their husband's rule
 * Witchcraft
 * Witchcraft Hysteria
 * Started in Salem
 * New Ideas
 * Enlightenment
 * An 18th century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific methods as means of obtaining knowledge.
 * Effected political thoughts
 * Thomas Jefferson
 * Used reasons to conclude that individuals have natural rights, which government must respect
 * Lead to the questioning of the authority of British monarchy
 * Great Awakening
 * A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s
 * Church membership was in decline by early 1700s
 * Jonathan Edwards
 * Wanted to revive the intensity and commitment of the original Puritan vision
 * Preached that church attendance was not enough for salvation and must acknowledge their sins and feel God's love for them.
 * Preachers started preaching village to village
 * Thousands rededicated themselves to God
 * Including Native Americans and African Americans
 * Higher education
 * Princeton
 * Brown
 * Columbia
 * Dartmouth

= Other issues related to environments =
 * High concentration of people without adequate public services caused problems.
 * Firewood and clean water could be hard to come by
 * Abundant garbage
 * I mportance of Individualism was emphasized
 * Emphasized human reasons
 * Led to questioning of the Britain's authority over the colonists lives